| MYRTACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Corymbia citriodora |
Australia
Brazil
Bolivia
China
India
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Kenya |
lemon eucalyptus
lemon scented gum
quwenling |
citronellal
PMD (by product of
hidrodistillation)
(p-menthane-3,8-diol)
citronellol
limonene
geraniol
isopulegol
δ-pinene |
30% PMD applied topically |
96.88% protection from mosquitoes for 4 hours |
field study in Bolivia |
[35] |
| PMD towelette (0.575g) applied topically |
90% protection from An. arabiensis for 6 hours |
laboratory study |
[95] |
| 50% PMD applied topically |
100% protection from An gambiae and An. funestus for 6-7 hours |
field study in Tanzania |
[96] |
| 20% PMD (1.7 mg/cm2) applied topically |
100% protection for 11-12 hours against A. stephensi |
laboratory study |
[52] |
| 20% PMD applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. Aegypti for 120 minutes |
Laboratory study |
[42] |
| thermal expulsion (leaves) |
78.7 % protection from An. arabiensis
76.8% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| direct burning (leaves) |
70.1 % protection from An. arabiensis
72.9% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves) |
74.5% protection from An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves) |
51.3% protection from An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| thermal expulsion (leaves) |
48.71% protection from An. gambiae s.l. |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| Eucalyptus spp. |
Guinea-Bissau
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Portugal |
eucalyptus |
1,8-cineole
citronellal
Z- and α- citral
α-pinene |
thermal expulsion (leaves) |
72.2% protection from mosquitoes for 2 hours |
field study in Guinea Bissau |
[99] |
| E. camaldulensis |
Ethiopia |
|
|
thermal expulsion (leaves) |
71.9 % protection from An. arabiensis
72.2% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| direct burning (leaves) |
65.3 % protection from An. arabiensis
66.6% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| Eugenia caryophyllus or Syzygium aromaticum or Eugenia aromaticu |
India |
clove
lavang
cravinho-da-india |
Eugenol
carvacrol
thymol
cinnamaldehyde |
100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 225 minutes
100% protection against An. albimanus for 213 minutes |
laboratory study |
[53] |
| 100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 120 min.
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 240 min.
100% protection against An. dirus for 210 min. |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| VERBENACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Lippia spp. |
Kenya
Tanzania
Ghana
Zimbabwe |
lemon bush |
myrcene
linalool
α-pinene
eucalyptol |
|
|
|
|
| L. javanica |
|
|
alloparinol
camphor
limonene
α –terpeneol
verbenone |
5mg/cm2 plant extract applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 8 hours |
laboratory study |
[100] |
| alcohol plant extract applied topically |
76.7% protection against An arabiensis for 4 hours |
laboratory study |
[101] |
| L. uckambensis |
|
fever tea |
|
potted plant |
33.3% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[102] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves) |
45.9% protection against An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field system in Kenya |
[50] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves) |
33.4% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field system in Kenya |
[50] |
| potted plant |
25.01% protection against An.gambiae s.l |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| L. cheraliera |
|
|
eucalyptol
caryophyllene
ipsdienone
p-cymene |
|
|
|
|
| Lantana camara |
Kenya
Tanzania |
lantana
spanish flag
West Indian
lantana
Wild sage |
caryophylene |
potted plant |
32.4% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[102] |
| potted plant |
27.22% protection against An. gambiae s.l. |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| flower extract in coconut oil |
94.5% protection against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus for one hour |
laboratory study |
[103] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves) |
42.4% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| LAMIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ocimum spp. O.americanum |
Kenya
Tanzania
Zimbabwe
Nigeria
Ghana
Cameroon
Eritrea
Ethiopia (…) |
Tree basil
nchu avum
lime basil
kivumbasi
Myeni madongo
African blue basil
hairy basil |
p-cymene
estragosl
linalool
linoleic acid
eucalyptol
eugenol
camphor
citral
thujone
limonene
ocimene
and others |
potted plant |
39.70% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[102] |
| potted plant |
37.91% protection against An. gambiae s.l. |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| fresh plants combined with O. suave bruised and applied topically |
50% protection against An. gambiae s.l. |
field study in Tanzania |
[104] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves and seeds) |
43.1.% protection against An gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves and seeds) |
20.9% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| 100% essential oil combined with vanillin 5% applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 6.5 hours1
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 8 hours
100% protection against An. dirus for 8 hours |
laboratory study |
[26] |
| O. suave |
|
|
|
thermal expulsion (leaves) |
73.6 % protection from An. arabiensis
75.1% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| direct burning (leaves) |
71.5 % protection from An. arabiensis
79.7% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves and seeds) |
53.1% protection from An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves and seeds) |
28.0% protection from An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| O. basilicum |
|
|
|
thermal expulsion (leaves) |
78.7 % protection from An. arabiensis
79.2% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| direct burning (leaves) |
73.1 % protection from An. arabiensis
70.0% protection from An. pharaoensis |
field study in Ethiopia |
[97] |
| 100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection for 70 minutes |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| O. kilimandscharikum |
|
|
|
thermal expulsion (leaves and seeds) |
44.54% protection against An. gambiae s.l. |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| thermal expulsion (leaves and seeds) |
37.63% protection against An. funestus |
field study in Kenya |
[98] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves and seeds) |
52.0% protection against An. gambiae s.s. |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves and seeds) |
26.4% protection against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| O. forskolei |
|
|
|
fresh plants hung indoors |
53% protection against mosquitoes entering human dwelling |
field study in Eritrea |
[105] |
| Hyptis spp. Hyptis suaveolens |
Kenya
Tanzania
Ghana
The Gambiae |
bushmint
wild hops
wild spikenard
hangazimu
hortelã-do-campo |
myrcene |
smouldering on charcoal |
85.4% repellency against mosquitoes for 2 hours |
field study in Guinea Bissau |
[99] |
| fresh leaves |
73.2% repellency against mosquitoes for 2 hours |
field study in Guinea Bissau |
[99] |
| periodic direct burning (leaves and flowers) |
20.8% repellency against An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| Mentha spp. M. piperata |
Brazil
Bolivia |
hortelã-do-campo
peppermint |
|
100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 45 minutes |
laboratory study |
[53] |
| M. arvensis |
|
menta
Japanese mint |
|
100% essential oil volatilized in a kerosene lamp |
41% protection indoors against Mansonia spp |
field study in Bolivia |
[9] |
| Thymus spp. Th. vulgaris |
China
Former Soviet
Union
Korea
Middle-East
Mediterranean |
thyme |
α-terpinene
carvacrol
thymol
p-cymene
linalool
geraniol |
α-terpinene topically |
97.3% protection against Culex pipiens sallens for 82 min |
laboratory study |
[106] |
| carvacrol topically |
94.7% protection against C. pipiens sallens for 80 min |
|
|
| thymol topically |
91.8% protection against C. pipiens sallens for 70 min |
laboratory study |
[106] |
| linalool topically |
91.7% protection agains C. pipiens sallens for 65 min |
|
|
| p-cymene |
89.0% protection agains C. pipiens sallens for 45.2 min |
|
|
| 100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against An. albimanus for 105 minutes and Ae. aegypti for 135 minutes |
laboratory study |
[53] |
| direct burning (leaves) |
85-09% protection for 60-90 min |
field study |
[12] |
| Pogostemon spp. |
China |
Patchouli |
|
100% essential oil applied |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 120 min |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| Pogostemon cablin |
India
Malaysia
Thailand |
Oriza |
|
topically |
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 150 min
100% protection against An. dirus for 710 minutes |
|
|
| POACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Cymbopogon spp. |
China
India
Indonesia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| C. nardus |
Brazil |
|
citronellal |
40% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection for 7-8 hours against An. stephensi |
laboratory study |
[52] |
| 100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 120 min
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 100 min
100% protection against An. dirus for 70 minutes |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| 10% applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 20 minutes |
laboratory study |
[42] |
| C. martini |
Tanzania
Kenya |
palmarosa |
geraniol |
topically
(100% essential oil) |
100% protection against An. culicifacies for 12 hours
96.3% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 12 hours |
field study in India |
[107] |
topically
(100% essential oil) |
98.8% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 10 hours |
laboratory study |
[107] |
| C. citratus |
USA
South África Bolívia |
lemongrass oil grass |
citral α-pinene |
topically |
74% protection against An. darlingi for 2.5h
95% protection against Mansonia spp. for 2.5 hours |
field study in Bolivia |
[9] |
| Methanol leaf extract applied topically (2.5mg/m2) |
78.8 % protection against An. arabiensis for 12 hours |
laboratory study |
[108] |
| 100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection for 30 minutes |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| C. winterianius |
|
|
|
100% essential oil combined with vanillin 5% applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 6.5 hours
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 8 hours
100% protection against An. dirus for 8 hours |
laboratory study |
[26] |
| C. excavatus |
|
|
|
alcohol plant extract applied topically |
66.7% protection against An. arabiensis for 3 hours |
laboratory study |
[101] |
| Pelargonium reniforme |
|
rose geranium |
|
alcohol plant extract applied topically |
63.3 protection against An. arabiensis for 3 hours |
laboratory study |
[101] |
| MELIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Azadirachta indica |
India
Sri Lanka
China
Brazil Bolívia
Pakistan
Ethiopia
Guinea Bissau
Kenya
Tanzania (…) |
Neem |
azadirachtin
saponins |
direct burning (leaves) |
76.0% protection from mosquitoes for 2 hours |
field study in Guinea Bissau |
[99] |
| periodic thermal expulsion (leaves) |
24.5% protection from An. gambiae s.s |
semi-field study in Kenya |
[50] |
| 1% neem oil volatilized in a kerosene lamp |
94.2% protection from Anopheles spp.
80% protection from Culex spp. |
field study in India |
[109] |
| 2% neem oil applied topically |
56.75% protection from mosquitoes for 4 hours |
field study in Bolivia |
[35] |
| ASTERACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Tagetes minuta |
Uganda
Zimbabwe
India |
Khaki weed |
|
topically |
86.4% protection againt An. stepehensi for 6 hours |
laboratory study |
[110] |
| topically |
84.2% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 6 hours |
laboratory study |
[110] |
| topically |
75% protection against Ae. aegypti for 6 hours |
laboratory study |
[110] |
| fresh leaves (4Kg) |
reduced human landings indoors |
field study in Uganda |
[111] |
Artemisia spp.
A. vulgaris |
India
Egypt
Italy
Canada
USA |
mugwort
wormwood
St. Johns plant
Old uncle henry
Sailors tobacco |
camphor
linalool terpenen-4-ol
α-and β-thujone
β-pinene |
|
|
|
|
| A. monosperma |
Siberia Brazil |
Felon herb
Naughty man |
myrcene
limonene
cineol |
5% leave extract applied topically |
100 % protection for 4 hours |
field study in Egypt |
112 |
| CAESALPINIACEAE |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Daniellia oliveri |
Guinea-Bissau
The Gambiae |
churai
santão
santang
santango |
|
direct burning (bark) |
77.9% protection against mosquitoes for 2 hours |
field study in Guinea Bissau |
[99] |
| direct burning (bark) |
77% protection against mosquitoes |
field study in The Gambiae |
113 |
FABACEAE
Glycine max |
Worldwide |
Soya |
|
2% soya bean oil |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 95 minutes |
laboratoty study |
[42] |
RUTACEAE
Zanthoxylum limonella |
Thailand |
makaen |
|
100% essential oil applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 120 min
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 170 min |
laboratory study |
[23] |
| 10% essential oil combined with 10% clove oil |
100% protection against An. dirus for 190 minutes |
laboratory study |
[52] |
| Citrus hystrix |
Indonesia
Malaysia
Thailand
Laos |
Kaffir lime
Limau purut |
|
100% essential oil combined with vanillin 5% applied topically |
100% protection against An. stephensi for 8 hours
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 3 hours
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 1.5 hours
100% protection against An. dirus for 2.5 hours |
laboratory study |
[26] |
ZINGIBERACEAE
Curcuma longa |
|
Turmeric
Curcuma
Indian saffron |
|
100% essential oil combined with vanillin 5% applied topically |
100% protection against Ae. aegypti for 4.5 hours
100% protection against C. quinquefasciatus for 8 hours
100% protection against An. dirus for 8 hours |
laboratory study |
[26] |
Source
